500+ IELTS Vocabulary Words: Lexical Word List & Examples 

Advertisement

A public promotion of a product, service, or event.

The advertisement for the new app was shown on Instagram. 

Branding

The process of creating a unique image and identity for a product or company.

At the launch, they introduced the branding of the new clothes segment.

Campaign

An organised course of action to promote a product or cause.

The political parties campaign before elections.

Logo

A symbol or design representing a company or product.

The logo of the company was designed by me.

Promotional offer

A special deal or discount designed to increase sales or interest.

The promotional offer provided by the store attracted a lot of customers.

Slogan

A memorable phrase used in advertising.

Hampers were marketed with the slogan, "You pick, we make".

Endorsement

A public declaration of support for a product or service.

Product endorsement is done by celebrities for popularity.

Jingle

A short, catchy song used in advertising.

The jingle for the coffee ad. became a hit and was sung by many people.

Advertiser

A person or company that creates and places advertisements.

The advertiser worked part-time with a marketing agency.

Brand ambassador

A person who represents and promotes a brand.

Tanya is the brand ambassador for the fashion line.

Call to action

A statement urging the viewer to take a specific action.

It is important for the advertisement to end with a call to action to encourage viewers.

Market research

The process of gathering information about consumers' needs and preferences.

Before starting any business, it is vital to do market research in order to understand the needs and target audience.

Ad copy

The written content of an advertisement

The ad copy highlighted the benefits of the newly launched product.

Publicity

The process of attracting public attention.

The new film received a lot of publicity in the media.

Commercial

An advertisement on TV or the radio

The TV commercial for the new car was quite catchy.

Sponsorship

The financial support or promotion given by a sponsor.

The sponsorship by an investor made a huge impact on the company.

Advertising strategy

A plan designed to achieve a specific advertising goal.

I think it is time to introduce a different advertising strategy for this business.

Advertisement budget

The amount of money allocated for advertising expenses.

The advertisement budget for the new product was INR 1 Lakh.

Advertisement medium

The channel used to deliver advertisements such as TV, radio, or social media.

A common advertisement medium for reaching a broad audience is television.

Influencer marketing

Using individuals with a strong online presence to promote products.

For any online small business, influencer marketing must be its best bet.

Conversion rate

The percentage of people who take the desired action (e.g., make a purchase) after seeing an ad.

The fine balance between conversion rate optimization and traffic has on online marketing is great.

Brand loyalty

The tendency of customers to repeatedly buy products from a specific brand.

Apple’s focus on quality has led to high brand loyalty among its customers.

Billboards

A large board near a road where advertisements are put.

The brand poster was put on the billboard.

Fliers

A form of paper advertisement intended for wide distribution, either through hand or email.

My cousins helped me distribute fliers for the launch event.

Internet pop-ups

Small windows or banners that appear on a webpage often interrupt a user's browsing experience.

These online stores use internet pop-ups to let visitors know they can now buy their products.

Masterpiece

A work of outstanding artistry, skill, or workmanship.

Her sketches are certainly a masterpiece of modern art.

Silhouette

The dark shape and outline of someone or something visible against a lighter background

The artist painted the city's silhouette against the rising moon.

Still life

A painting or drawing of an arrangement of objects, typically including fruit, flowers, a vase, and more. 

They painted a beautiful still life of flowers and vases.

Genre

A category of artistic composition, as in music or literature, characterized by similarities in form, style, or subject matter.

The art belongs to the surrealism genre.

Brushstroke

The technique or manner with which an artist applies paint with a brush.

His brushstrokes were bold and expressive.

Mural

A painting or other work of art executed directly on a wall.

The mural depicted the art’s history.

Colour scheme

A planned combination of colors.

The painting has a vibrant and eye-catching colour scheme.

Shading

The use of shading in drawing and painting.

She used shading that gave an edge to her portrait.

Texture

The feel, appearance, or consistency of a surface or a substance.

The sculpture had a rough texture that enhanced its appeal.

Perspective

The art of representing three-dimensional objects on a two-dimensional surface.

The painting depicted her perspective of things.

Motif

A decorative design or pattern.

The artist used motifs in her artwork.

Symmetrical

Made up of exactly similar parts facing each other or around an axis.

The painting was symmetrical and pleasing to the eye.

Contrast

The state of being strikingly different from something else.

The artist uses contrast to highlight some parts of the painting.

Hue

A colour or shade.

She experimented with different hues of blue in her sky painting.

Shade

A colour, especially about how light or dark it is.

The artist uses shades of colors to create a piece.

Palette

A thin board or slab on which an artist lays and mixes colors.

Choosing the best color palette is the most difficult task for an artist.

Brush

A tool with bristles used for painting.

She used all the brushes to add specific details to her painting.

Sketch

A rough or unfinished drawing or painting.

Sanya made a quick sketch of the building before she painted it.

Abstract

Art that does not attempt to represent an accurate depiction of visual reality.

His paintings are known for their abstract patterns and style.

Landscape

A painting, drawing, or photograph of scenery.

The artist captured the beauty of the landscape in his painting.

Portrait

A painting, drawing, or photograph of a person.

The portraits of famous personalities are up for sale this weekend.

Gallery

A room or building for the display or sale of works of art.

He displayed all his paintings in the art gallery.

Sculpture

The art of making two- or three-dimensional representative forms.

The park is filled with beautiful sculptures.

Exhibit

To display or show something publicly.

Her portraits exhibit another story.

Canvas

A strong, coarse, unbleached cloth used as a painting surface.

She painted the canvas with beautiful colors.

Clap

Strike the palms of (one's hands) together repeatedly, typically to applaud.

My mom who was sitting in the audience clapped loudly at the end of my performance.

Cross arms

Fold one's arms so that one hand or armrests on or across the other arm's elbow, typically as a sign of anger, stubbornness, or hostility.

I saw my 5 year old nephew cross his arms in anger and he refused to listen to me.

Facepalm

Cover one's face with one's hand, as an expression of disbelief, shame, or exasperation.

She facepalmed when her mother asked about her boyfriend.

Nod in agreement

To move your head up and down to show that you agree with someone or to show that you are listening to someone.

She nodded in agreement when he asked her if she was okay.

Fold hands

To bring one's hands together and intertwine the fingers or press the palms together, typically as a sign of concentration, prayer, or patience.

She folded her hands and closed her eyes during the school prayer.

Tap fingers

To make quick, light, repeated touches with one's fingers, especially as a form of impatience, nervousness, or rhythm.

He tapped his fingers on the table waiting for his exam scores.

Rub hands together

To move one's hands together with a rubbing or wringing motion, typically when one is anticipating something eagerly.

Keshav was rubbing his hands together anticipating the delicious meal that he was about to eat.

Clench fist

Close one's hand tightly into a fist, especially when one is angry or determined.

She clenched her fists in frustration because of work.

Bite lip

Pressing your teeth against your lip, usually because you are worried or nervous.

She bit her lip in nervousness before the exam.

Roll eyes

Move one's eyes upward as an expression of exasperation or annoyance.

He rolled his eyes at her silly mistakes.

Lean in

To move one's body or a part of one's body closer to something or someone.

She wanted to lean in and rest her head on his shoulder.

Shrug

Raise (one's shoulders) slightly and momentarily to express doubt, ignorance, or indifference.

She shrugged her hand, suggesting that she didn't know the answer.

Thumbs Up

An indication of satisfaction or approval.

I gave a thumbs up, indicating I liked the idea.

Wave

Move one's hand to show a greeting or as a signal.

I saw them wave goodbye from the bus.

Point

Extend a finger or other object toward a particular direction to indicate something.

She pointed her finger at the cash counter before she left.

Handshake

A greeting in which two people grasp each other's right hands and move them up and down.

I greet everyone at the office with a handshake.

Hug

Squeeze (someone) tightly in one's arms, typically to express affection.

He hugged her tightly before he left for the army camp.

Bow

Lower the head or upper body briefly as a formal gesture of respect or greeting.

He bowed in front of his queen.

Wink

Close and open one eye quickly, typically to indicate that something is a joke or a secret or as a signal of affection or greeting.

He winked at her as he passed by.

Grimace

An ugly, twisted expression on a person's face, typically expressing disgust, pain, or wry amusement.

She grimaced when she ate a bottle-guard vegetable.

Fidget

Make small movements, especially of the hands and feet, through nervousness or impatience.

She started fidgeting in the meeting during his presentation.

Slouch

Stand, move, or sit in a lazy, drooping way.

She slouched against the table when she was bored.

Stance

How someone stands, especially when deliberately adopted (as in baseball, golf, and other sports).

She took an aggressive stance when she gets ready for a fight.

Gesture

A movement of part of the body, especially a hand or the head, to express an idea or meaning.

Her gestures indicated her enthusiasm.

Gait

A person's manner of walking.

He recognised her by her gait from a distance.

Balance Sheet

Financial statement showing a company's assets, liabilities, and equity.

The balance sheet is an important document for any business.

Merger

Combination of two companies to form one.

The merger between the two small airlines created a powerful airline company.

Revenue

Income generated from sales.

The company’s revenue indicates a different level of stats.

Profit Margin

Difference between revenue and cost.

My company is at a higher profit margin in comparison to the last year.

Bankruptcy

Legal status when a person or entity can't repay debts.

If this continues then they will have to declare the company bankrupt.

Stakeholder

A person with an interest in a company's success.

Stakeholders must be aware about the business procedures regularly.

Supply and Demand

Economic model of price determination.

Gold prices are not influenced by the supply and demand of the market.

Customer Retention

Ability to keep existing customers.

Customer retention plays a vital role profits.

SWOT Analysis

Framework for identifying strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.

One must take a SWOT analysis and plan strategically.

Competitive Advantage

A unique benefit that sets a company apart.

Creativity is a competitive advantage that will set you apart.

Market Segmentation

Dividing a market into distinct groups of buyers.

Effective Market segmentation process helps companies target customers.

Cash Flow

Movement of money in and out of a business

Positive cash flow is crucial for a company's survival and growth.

E-commerce

Buying and selling goods online

E-commerce industry has grown rapidly, especially after the pandemic.

Business Model

Plan for how a company will generate revenue

The business model attracted many investors.

CEO (Chief Executive Officer)

Highest-ranking executive in a company

I want to become the CEO and make major corporate decisions, someday.

Fiscal Policy

Government policies on taxation and spending

Fiscal policy can influence economic growth and stability.

Monopoly

Market conditions where one seller dominates.

The IRCTC has a monopoly in railways.

Outsourcing

Hiring external firms to perform business functions

It is always easier to opt for outsourcing small products for your business.

Entrepreneurship

Process of starting and running a new business

To start a business, one must have entrepreneurship skills and determination.

Recession

Period of economic decline

The recession led to a widespread reduction in consumer count.

Investment

Allocating resources with the expectation of profit

Stock investment is a great way to grow your wealth over time.

Supply Chain

The network is involved in producing and delivering products.

I am planning to do a supply chain management course.

Asset

Resources owned by a company.

Car is a depreciating asset for the company.

Liability

Debts or obligations of a company.

Liabilities for a company can hinder its financial wealth.

Equity

Ownership interest in a company.

The investors received equity in the startup in exchange for funding.

Abduction

The act of taking someone away illegally

The abduction of the child was reported immediately.

Accomplice

A person who helps another commit a crime

The robber and his accomplice were both caught.

Alibi

Proof someone was elsewhere during a crime

His alibi was confirmed by CCTV footage.

Arson

Intentionally setting fire to property

The building was destroyed in an arson attack.

Assault

A physical attack

He was arrested for assaulting a police officer.

Burglary

Breaking into a building to steal

The burglary occurred while the family was on vacation.

Convict

Someone found guilty of a crime

The convict was sentenced to ten years in prison.

Corruption

Dishonest behavior by officials

Corruption in the police force led to an investigation.

Custody

Detention by the police

He was taken into custody for questioning.

Felony

A serious crime

Murder is considered a felony in all countries.

Fraud

Deceiving others to gain money

He was charged with tax fraud.

Homicide

The killing of one person by another

The police are investigating a case of homicide.

Imprisonment

Being held in prison

He received life imprisonment for his crimes.

Inmate

A person in prison

The inmates are allowed one hour of outdoor time daily.

Jury

A group deciding the verdict in a trial

The jury found the defendant not guilty.

Kidnapping

Taking someone by force for ransom

The businessman’s kidnapping made headlines.

Mugging

Robbery with violence in public

She was injured during a mugging last night.

Offender

A person who commits a crime

First-time offenders may be given lighter sentences.

Perjury

Lying under oath

He was convicted of perjury during the trial.

Robbery

Stealing with force or threat

The bank robbery was carried out in daylight.

Sentence

Punishment given by a judge

He received a five-year sentence.

Smuggling

Illegally bringing goods or people

He was caught smuggling drugs across the border.

Theft

The act of stealing

The theft of the painting shocked the art world.

Vandalism

Deliberate destruction of property

Graffiti on public buildings is considered vandalism.

Witness

A person who sees an event

The witness gave a detailed account to the police.

Academic

Related to education or study

She has an excellent academic record.

Curriculum

The subjects taught in a school or course

The curriculum includes science, math, and literature.

Literacy

The ability to read and write

Literacy rates have improved in recent years.

Numeracy

The ability to use numbers

Numeracy is a key skill in early education.

Scholarship

Financial aid for students

She won a scholarship to study abroad.

Tuition

The fee for instruction

Tuition fees have increased this year.

Graduate

A person who has completed a degree

He is a graduate of Harvard University.

Undergraduate

A student studying for their first degree

Undergraduate courses usually last three years.

Postgraduate

A student studying after a first degree

She is doing postgraduate research in chemistry.

Enrolment

The process of joining a course or institution

Enrolment for the fall semester is now open.

Distance learning

Studying remotely via internet or correspondence

Distance learning offers flexibility for working adults.

Vocational

Related to practical skills or trades

Vocational training prepares students for specific jobs.

Lecture

A formal talk or presentation

The professor gave a lecture on climate change.

Seminar

A small discussion-based class

We discussed the novel in our literature seminar.

Assignment

A piece of work given to students

The assignment is due next Monday.

Assessment

The evaluation of students' performance

Continuous assessment helps track student progress.

Exam

A formal test of knowledge or ability

Final exams are held in June.

Dissertation

A long essay for a university degree

Her dissertation focused on renewable energy.

Mentor

An experienced guide or advisor

He is a mentor for new university students.

Syllabus

An outline of topics for a course

The syllabus covers all major grammar points.

Compulsory

Required by rule or law

Physical education is a compulsory subject.

Optional

Not required

Art is an optional subject in most schools.

Boarding school

A school where students live on site

He attended a prestigious boarding school in the UK.

Homeschooling

Education at home by parents or tutors

Homeschooling has become more popular post-pandemic.

Gap year

A break from studies, often for travel or work

She took a gap year before starting university.

Biodiversity

Variety of plant and animal life

Biodiversity is crucial for a healthy ecosystem.

Climate change

Long-term changes in weather patterns

Climate change poses serious global threats.

Deforestation

The cutting down of forests

Deforestation leads to loss of wildlife habitat.

Emissions

The release of gas, especially from vehicles or factories

Car emissions contribute to air pollution.

Fossil fuels

Natural fuels like coal, oil, and gas

Fossil fuels are a major source of greenhouse gases.

Greenhouse gases

Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere

Carbon dioxide is a common greenhouse gas.

Renewable energy

Energy from sources that don’t run out

Wind and solar are types of renewable energy.

Pollution

Harmful substances introduced into the environment

Industrial pollution affects water quality.

Sustainable

Using resources in a way that does not harm the environment

Sustainable farming protects the land.

Conservation

Protection of natural resources

Conservation efforts have saved many endangered species.

Ecosystem

A community of interacting organisms and their environment

The forest ecosystem supports many species.

Recycle

To process used materials into new products

We recycle paper, plastic, and glass at home.

Carbon footprint

The amount of carbon dioxide one produces

Flying increases your carbon footprint.

Habitat

The natural home of an animal or plant

Many animals lost their habitats due to construction.

Endangered

At risk of extinction

Tigers are an endangered species.

Overpopulation

When a region has too many people

Overpopulation strains water and food supplies.

Global warming

An increase in Earth's average temperature

Global warming melts polar ice caps.

Waste management

The process of handling waste

Effective waste management reduces landfill use.

Natural resources

Materials from nature that humans use

Water is one of our most important natural resources.

Urbanization

Growth of cities and towns

Urbanization can lead to habitat destruction.

Landfill

A site for waste disposal

Most of the city’s waste ends up in landfill.

Eco-friendly

Not harmful to the environment

We use eco-friendly cleaning products at home.

Drought

A prolonged period without rain

The drought destroyed most of the crops.

Erosion

Wearing away of soil or rock by water or wind

Coastal erosion threatens seaside homes.

Organic

Grown without artificial chemicals

Organic farming is better for the environment.

Sibling

A brother or sister

I have three siblings, all older than me.

Upbringing

The way a child is raised

His strict upbringing influenced his discipline.

Nuclear family

A family consisting of parents and children only

Most modern households are nuclear families.

Extended family

A family that includes relatives beyond the immediate family

We invited our extended family to the reunion.

Breadwinner

The main income earner in a family

He became the family’s breadwinner at 20.

Foster

To care for a child temporarily

She has fostered children for over a decade.

Generation gap

Differences in opinions between age groups

The generation gap is evident in their values.

Parenting

The act of raising children

Parenting requires a lot of patience and love.

Spouse

A husband or wife

You must list your spouse on the visa form.

Household

People living in the same home

There are four people in our household.

Itinerary

A planned route or journey

Our travel itinerary includes five cities.

Excursion

A short trip for leisure or education

We went on a school excursion to the museum.

Tourism

The business of attracting and hosting tourists

Tourism plays a big role in the local economy.

Jet lag

Tiredness from traveling across time zones

I had serious jet lag after the long flight.

Accommodation

A place to stay

We booked accommodation near the beach.

Souvenir

A thing kept as a reminder of a trip

I bought a souvenir from every country I visited.

Commute

Travel between home and work

My daily commute takes over an hour.

Colleague

A person you work with

I had a meeting with a colleague this morning.

Resign

To quit a job

She resigned from her position last week.

Promotion

A move to a higher position or job

He received a promotion after only six months.

Salary

Money earned regularly from work

The job offers a competitive salary.

Freelance

Working independently, not for an employer

Many writers now work freelance.

Employer

A person or organization that hires people

The employer offered extra training.

Deadline

A date or time by which something must be done

We’re working hard to meet the deadline.

Work-life balance

The balance between job and personal life

A healthy work-life balance reduces stress.

Trend

A general direction in which something is developing

Skinny jeans are no longer the latest trend.

Style

A particular appearance or design

Her fashion style is elegant and timeless.

Outfit

A set of clothes worn together

She wore a stunning outfit to the event.

Designer

Someone who creates original clothing

He works as a fashion designer in Milan.

Catwalk

A narrow stage for models to walk on

The models walked confidently down the catwalk.

Haute couture

High-end, custom-fitted fashion

Haute couture is often unaffordable for most people.

Casual wear

Comfortable, informal clothing

Jeans and a T-shirt are classic casual wear.

Accessories

Items added to outfits like bags or jewelry

She matched her dress with stylish accessories.

Wardrobe

A person's collection of clothes

I need to update my wardrobe for the new season.

Fashion-conscious

Aware of and concerned with fashion

He is very fashion-conscious and always dresses well.

Trendy

Very fashionable or up to date

She always wears trendy shoes.

Vintage

Classic style from a previous era

She wore a vintage dress from the 70s.

Tailor-made

Custom-made to fit a person

He ordered a tailor-made suit for the wedding.

Label

A brand name in fashion

She prefers designer labels for her clothes.

Runway

Another term for a catwalk

The collection debuted on the Paris runway.

Pattern

Decorative design on fabric

Floral patterns are popular this summer.

Fabric

Material used to make clothes

The fabric feels soft and breathable.

Garment

A piece of clothing

The shop sells high-quality garments.

Couture

High-end fashion design

Couture garments are handmade and exclusive.

Dress code

Accepted rules for clothing in specific situations

The event has a formal dress code.

Outfit coordination

The act of matching clothes together

She's good at outfit coordination.

Fashionable

In style; popular

Those sunglasses are really fashionable.

Model

A person who displays clothing

She became a model at 18.

Fashion icon

Someone known for their influential style

Audrey Hepburn is a fashion icon.

Minimalist

Simple and uncluttered in style

He prefers a minimalist wardrobe with neutral colors.

Genre

A category or type of film

Horror is not my favorite film genre.

Blockbuster

A highly successful and popular film

The latest Marvel movie was a huge blockbuster.

Director

The person who oversees the making of a film

Steven Spielberg is a world-famous director.

Screenplay

The script of a film including dialogue and actions

The screenplay was adapted from a novel.

Cast

All the actors in a film

The film has a great cast of well-known stars.

Actor

A person who performs in films

He won an award for best actor.

Actress

A female actor

The actress delivered a powerful performance.

Sequel

A film that continues the story of an earlier one

The sequel was even better than the original.

Prequel

A film that tells the story before the original film

The prequel explores the hero’s childhood.

Scene

A part of a film happening in one place

The fight scene was shot in slow motion.

Soundtrack

The music in a film

The soundtrack made the film more emotional.

Plot

The story or sequence of events in a film

The plot was full of twists and surprises.

Special effects

Visual techniques used in films

The special effects were absolutely stunning.

Animation

A film made using drawings or CGI

Pixar creates high-quality animation films.

Subtitles

Text of spoken dialogue shown onscreen

I watched the foreign film with English subtitles.

Dubbed

A film with translated voice-over

I prefer watching original versions, not dubbed ones.

Box office

The commercial success of a film

The movie smashed box office records.

Cinematography

The art of making motion pictures

The cinematography was visually breathtaking.

Trailer

A short preview of a film

The trailer made me want to see the film right away.

Premiere

The first official showing of a film

Celebrities attended the film's red carpet premiere.

Director’s cut

The version edited by the director

The director’s cut included several deleted scenes.

Cameo

A short appearance by a famous person

The director made a cameo in his own film.

Independent film

A film made outside major studios

Independent films often have unique storytelling.

Film critic

A person who reviews and rates films

The film critics gave it five stars.

Cinemagoer

A person who regularly goes to the cinema

I’m a regular cinemagoer—I love weekend movies.

Cuisine

A style of cooking

Italian cuisine is known for its pasta dishes.

Appetite

Desire for food

I lost my appetite after feeling unwell.

Ingredients

The items used to prepare food

The recipe calls for fresh ingredients.

Nutrition

The process of getting nutrients from food

Good nutrition is essential for health.

Balanced diet

A diet that includes all food groups in right amounts

A balanced diet includes fruits, vegetables, and proteins.

Organic

Grown without chemicals or synthetic materials

I prefer buying organic vegetables.

Processed food

Food that has been altered for preservation or flavor

Try to avoid too much processed food.

Junk food

Unhealthy food with low nutritional value

Children often prefer junk food over healthy meals.

Fast food

Food that is prepared and served quickly

Fast food is convenient but not always healthy.

Vegetarian

A person who does not eat meat

She became a vegetarian for ethical reasons.

Vegan

A person who does not eat any animal products

The café serves a variety of vegan options.

Calorie

A unit of energy provided by food

Soft drinks are high in calories.

Satiety

The feeling of being full

Protein helps to increase satiety.

Malnutrition

Poor nutrition due to a lack of food or nutrients

Malnutrition is still a major issue in some countries.

Obesity

Excessive body fat

Obesity can lead to heart disease and diabetes.

Hydration

The process of providing water to the body

Proper hydration is vital during exercise.

Palatable

Pleasant to taste

The soup was nutritious and highly palatable.

Serving

A portion of food

One serving of fruit a day is not enough.

Allergies

Negative reactions to certain foods

He has a peanut allergy.

Preservatives

Substances added to food to keep it from spoiling

Many packaged foods contain preservatives.

Flavour

The taste of food

The dish has a spicy flavour.

Delicacy

A rare or luxurious food item

Truffles are considered a delicacy in Europe.

Culinary

Related to cooking or the kitchen

She took a course in culinary arts.

Leftovers

Uneaten food remaining after a meal

We had leftovers from last night’s dinner.

Staple food

A basic, regularly eaten food

Rice is a staple food in many Asian countries.

Democracy

A system of government by the whole population

Democracy allows citizens to vote for their leaders.

Bureaucracy

A system with many rules and procedures, often slow

The bureaucracy delayed the application process.

Legislation

Laws made by a government

New legislation on data privacy was introduced.

Parliament

The highest legislative authority in many countries

The law was debated in parliament for weeks.

Policy

A course of action adopted by the government

The new education policy supports remote learning.

Regulation

An official rule or law

There are strict regulations on pollution control.

Minister

A senior government official

The health minister announced new safety measures.

Prime Minister

The head of an elected government

The Prime Minister addressed the nation last night.

Constitution

The fundamental laws of a nation

The constitution guarantees freedom of speech.

Republic

A state without a monarch, often with elected leaders

France is a democratic republic.

Monarchy

A government led by a king or queen

The UK still has a constitutional monarchy.

Devolution

Transfer of power to regional governments

Devolution has increased autonomy in Scotland.

Federal

A system that divides power between national and local governments

The USA has a federal system.

Local government

Administrative bodies for smaller regions

Local governments manage community services.

Governance

The act or manner of governing

Good governance requires transparency and fairness.

Civil servant

A government employee

Civil servants ensure that public services run smoothly.

Public sector

The part of the economy controlled by the government

Many people work in the public sector.

Political party

A group of people with similar political aims

The two main political parties debated immigration reform.

Campaign

A series of actions to win an election or promote change

The candidate launched her election campaign.

Referendum

A vote by the public on a specific issue

The country held a referendum on independence.

Taxation

The system of collecting money from citizens to fund government

Taxation is necessary to maintain public infrastructure.

Welfare

Support provided to people in need

The government expanded welfare benefits during the crisis.

Foreign policy

A government's strategy in dealing with other countries

Their foreign policy focuses on international cooperation.

Corruption

Dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power

Anti-corruption laws were introduced to restore public trust.

Opposition

Political parties that challenge the current government

The opposition criticized the budget cuts.

Diagnosis

Identification of a disease or condition

The doctor gave a diagnosis of asthma.

Treatment

Medical care is given for an illness

The treatment involves both medication and therapy.

Prescription

A written order for medicine

The pharmacist filled my prescription.

Symptoms

Signs or indicators of illness

Common flu symptoms include fever and fatigue.

Prevention

The act of stopping something from happening

Exercise and diet are key to disease prevention.

Chronic

Long-lasting and persistent (often an illness)

Diabetes is a chronic condition.

Acute

Severe and sudden in onset

He was admitted with acute abdominal pain.

Infection

The invasion of the body by harmful organisms

The wound became infected after a few days.

Immune system

The body’s defense against illness

A healthy diet strengthens the immune system.

Vaccination

The act of giving a vaccine to protect against disease

Childhood vaccinations prevent serious diseases.

Mental health

Emotional and psychological well-being

Mental health should be treated as seriously as physical health.

Obesity

Excessive body weight or fat

Obesity is a growing concern in developed nations.

Malnutrition

Lack of proper nutrition

Malnutrition can lead to stunted growth in children.

Hygiene

Conditions that promote good health, especially cleanliness

Good hygiene prevents the spread of bacteria.

Surgery

A medical procedure involving an operation

He had to undergo heart surgery.

Rehabilitation

Recovery process from illness or addiction

She is in rehabilitation after her car accident.

Allergy

A reaction to certain substances

He has a severe peanut allergy.

Contagious

Spreadable from one person to another

The flu is highly contagious.

Healthcare

Services provided to maintain or improve health

The government invests heavily in public healthcare.

Medicine

A substance used to treat illness

Take the medicine twice daily after meals.

Antibiotics

Drugs that fight bacterial infections

Overuse of antibiotics can cause resistance.

Depression

A mental health condition marked by sadness and loss of interest

Depression affects millions of people worldwide.

Therapy

Treatment for physical or mental illness

She is attending therapy for anxiety.

Check-up

A routine medical examination

I go for a check-up every six months.

Life expectancy

Average age a person is expected to live

Life expectancy has increased due to better healthcare.

Genre

A category or style of music

Jazz is my favorite music genre.

Lyrics

The words of a song

The lyrics of that song are very emotional.

Melody

A sequence of musical notes that is pleasing to the ear

I love the melody of that piano piece.

Rhythm

A strong, regular, repeated pattern of sound

The rhythm of the song makes it great for dancing.

Harmony

A combination of different musical notes played together

The choir produced perfect harmony.

Tempo

The speed of a musical piece

The tempo of this song is too fast for a waltz.

Composer

A person who writes music

Beethoven is one of the greatest composers in history.

Instrumental

Music performed without vocals

I prefer instrumental music when I study.

Orchestra

A large group of musicians playing different instruments

The orchestra performed beautifully.

Choir

A group of singers

The school choir sang at the ceremony.

Album

A collection of recorded music

Their new album has ten amazing tracks.

Track

A single song on an album or playlist

That track is constantly on the radio.

Live performance

A musical show performed in front of an audience

Her live performance was outstanding.

Recording studio

A place where music is professionally recorded

The band is currently in the recording studio.

Tune

A catchy or memorable melody

I can’t get that tune out of my head.

Accompaniment

Music played to support a singer or main instrument

The violin provided a soft accompaniment.

Vocals

The singing part of a song

Her vocals are strong and emotional.

DJ

A person who plays and mixes music

The DJ played dance tracks all night.

Soundtrack

Music from a film or show

The movie’s soundtrack became very popular.

Chart

A ranking of popular songs

Their song hit the top of the charts.

Hit

A very successful song or album

That song was a global hit.

Cover

A new performance of an existing song

She performed a beautiful cover of an old classic.

Rehearsal

A practice session before a performance

They had one last rehearsal before the concert.

Musical talent

Natural ability in music

He showed musical talent from an early age.

Background music

Music that plays softly while something else happens

The restaurant had relaxing background music.

Headline

The title of a news article, usually large and bold

The headline of today’s newspaper is about the election results.

Editorial

An article expressing the newspaper’s opinion

The editorial discusses the importance of free speech.

Reporter

A person who investigates and writes news stories

The reporter covered the event in great detail.

Journalist

A person who writes for newspapers, magazines, or broadcasts news

She has been a journalist for over ten years.

Columnist

A person who writes regular articles on a specific subject

The columnist writes about lifestyle and fashion.

Feature

A special article that covers an in-depth topic

The feature on climate change was well-researched.

Newsroom

The office or department where news is reported and prepared

The newsroom was busy with journalists preparing for the evening broadcast.

Source

A person or document providing information for a news story

The journalist quoted an anonymous source for the story.

Breaking news

Important or urgent news that has just happened

The breaking news was about a major accident in the city.

Subscription

An arrangement to receive a publication regularly

I have a newspaper subscription that delivers daily to my door.

Circulation

The number of copies of a newspaper distributed

The newspaper’s circulation has increased by 20% this year.

Opinion

A view or judgment about something

The opinion piece argued for better healthcare policies.

Advertisement

A public promotion of a product or service

The newspaper featured an advertisement for a new restaurant.

Tabloid

A smaller-sized newspaper, often with sensational stories

Tabloid newspapers tend to focus on celebrity gossip.

Broadsheet

A large-format newspaper, often serious and formal

The broadsheet is known for its in-depth reporting.

Journalist ethics

The moral standards guiding how news is reported

Journalists must adhere to journalistic ethics to ensure fairness.

Editorial board

A group of editors who make decisions about newspaper content

The editorial board decides which issues should be covered.

Coverage

The amount and type of reporting given to an event or topic

The media’s coverage of the trial was extensive.

Press conference

An event where journalists ask questions to public figures

The president held a press conference to discuss the new policy.

Media bias

When news reporting is influenced by the reporter’s personal views

The article was criticized for its media bias against the government.

Fake news

False or misleading information presented as news

It’s important to fact-check and avoid spreading fake news.

News agency

An organization that collects and distributes news

Reuters is a well-known international news agency.

Sensationalism

The use of shocking or exaggerated stories to attract attention

The tabloid is known for its sensationalism and exaggerations.

Investigation

A detailed examination or inquiry into an issue

The journalist’s investigation uncovered corruption in the local government.

Introvert

A person who tends to be more focused on their own thoughts and feelings

He’s an introvert who enjoys spending time alone.

Extrovert

A person who is outgoing and enjoys socializing

As an extrovert, she loves attending parties.

Charismatic

Having a special magnetic appeal or charm

The charismatic leader won over the audience with ease.

Shy

Being reserved or timid around others

She’s shy and finds it hard to speak in public.

Confident

Being sure of oneself and one's abilities

He is confident and always speaks his mind.

Humble

Having a modest opinion of one's importance

Despite his success, he remains humble.

Outgoing

Sociable and willing to engage with others

She is outgoing and makes friends easily.

Honest

Being truthful and straightforward

He is an honest person who always tells the truth.

Tolerant

Showing a willingness to accept differences in others

She is tolerant and respects diverse opinions.

Pessimistic

Having a negative outlook or expecting the worst

He has a pessimistic attitude about the future.

Optimistic

Having a positive and hopeful outlook on life

Despite the challenges, she remains optimistic.

Impulsive

Acting without thinking carefully first

His impulsive decisions often lead to problems.

Reliable

Someone you can depend on

She is reliable and always keeps her promises.

Stubborn

Unwilling to change one's mind or attitude

He can be very stubborn when it comes to opinions.

Independent

Not reliant on others; self-sufficient

She’s very independent and prefers making her own decisions.

Anxious

Experiencing worry or nervousness

He felt anxious before his important presentation.

Generous

Willing to give or share freely

She’s generous, always helping those in need.

Creative

Having the ability to think outside the box and come up with new ideas

The creative artist painted a masterpiece.

Moody

Frequently changing in mood

He’s known for being moody and unpredictable.

Compassionate

Showing care and concern for others

She is compassionate, often volunteering for charity work.

Cynical

Distrusting the motives of others

He has a cynical view of politics.

Sensitive

Easily affected by emotions or feelings

She is sensitive and often gets hurt by criticism.

Easygoing

Relaxed and unconcerned

He’s very easygoing and doesn’t get stressed easily.

Aggressive

Quick to anger or forceful in behavior

His aggressive attitude often causes conflict.

Sociable

Enjoying the company of others and engaging in social activities

She is sociable and loves meeting new people.

1. Blameless

Describes someone who is innocent or has done nothing wrong; morally pure.

She was blameless in the entire situation, acting with the best intentions.

2. Crazy

Refers to behaviour that is irrational or mentally unbalanced, often used informally.

His idea sounded crazy at first, but it turned out to be brilliant.

3. Arrogant

Describes someone with an inflated sense of their importance or abilities, often dismissing others.

His arrogant attitude alienated his friends, making it hard for them to relate.

4. Mischievous

Refers to someone who enjoys causing minor trouble or playful annoyances, often in a light-hearted way.

The child had a mischievous grin as he plotted his next prank.

5. Immodest

Describes someone lacking humility and who tends to boast about their achievements or abilities.

He gave an immodest account of his success, bragging about every detail.

6. Generous

Describes a person willing to give or share freely, often showing kindness and selflessness.

She is generous with her time and resources, always helping those in need.

7. Terror

An intense feeling of fear or fright that can cause panic or distress.

The sudden storm filled the villagers with terror as they sought shelter.

8. Ecstasy

A state of overwhelming joy or happiness, often characterised by feelings of euphoria.

She was ecstatic when she won the award, unable to contain her excitement.

9. Joy

A feeling of great happiness and delight, often arising from personal achievements or meaningful experiences.

The news brought them pure joy, celebrating together with laughter and cheer.

10. Misery

A state of extreme unhappiness or suffering, often associated with difficult circumstances.

He lived in misery after the accident, struggling to cope with the changes in his life.

11. Event

An occurrence or happening, especially one of significance or importance, is often planned or organised.

The annual festival was a highly anticipated event in the community.

12. Philosophy

A set of beliefs or principles that guide behaviour and thought, often related to fundamental questions of existence.

His philosophy of life emphasises kindness and generosity towards others.

13. Hypothesis

A proposed explanation or theory that can be tested through research and experimentation.

The scientist formulated a hypothesis to explain the unexpected results of the experiment.

14. Ecosystem 

A community of living organisms interacting with each other and their physical environment, forming a complex network.

The coral reef is a fragile ecosystem that supports a diverse range of marine life.

15. Biodiversity

The variety of life in a particular habitat or ecosystem is crucial for ecological balance.

Protecting biodiversity is essential for the health of our planet.

16. Climate

The long-term average weather patterns in a particular area influence the environment and living conditions.

Climate change is leading to unpredictable weather patterns and rising sea levels.

17. Artificial Intelligence

The simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, particularly computer systems.

Artificial intelligence is transforming industries by automating tasks and providing insights.

18. Data

Facts and statistics collected for reference or analysis are often used in research and decision-making.

The researchers analyzed the data to identify trends and make informed predictions.

19. Algorithm

A set of rules or instructions for solving a problem or performing a task, especially in computing.

The algorithm used in the app optimises search results based on user preferences.

20. Innovation

Introducing new ideas, methods, or products that improve efficiency or effectiveness.

The company is known for its commitment to innovation, constantly developing cutting-edge technologies.

21. Headquarters 

An organization or business’s main office or centre of operations is typically where key decisions are made.

The company’s headquarters is in India, where all major decisions are made.

22. Expedition

A journey or voyage undertaken for a specific purpose, often involving exploration or research.

The scientists set out on an expedition to study the Arctic climate.

23. Cube

A solid three-dimensional shape with six equal square faces is often used in mathematics or cooking.

She diced the vegetables into small cubes for the salad.

24. Mannequin

A human figure model is used for displaying clothes in stores, helping customers visualise outfits.

The store dressed its mannequins in new outfits to attract shoppers.

25. Contribute

To give something in order to help achieve something.

She contributed several ideas during the discussion.

26. Argue

To give reasons for or against something.

Many people argue that technology has made our lives easier.

27. Complicate

To make something more difficult to understand.

The new law will only complicate the process.

28. Implement

To put into effect or carry out.

The government is planning to implement stricter laws on pollution.

29. Transform

To change in a significant way.

The company is aiming to transform the way people communicate.

30. Contribute

To add to something in a helpful way.

The data from the survey will contribute to the final report.

31. Expand

To increase in size, number, or importance.

The company plans to expand its operations overseas.

32. Influence

To have an effect on someone or something.

His opinion greatly influenced the outcome of the meeting.

33. Focus

To concentrate attention on something.

You need to focus on improving your writing skills.

34. Improve

To make something better.

She hopes to improve her score in the next exam.

35. Investigate

To examine something thoroughly to uncover facts.

Scientists are investigating the cause of climate change.

36. Establish

To set up or create something.

The new law was established to protect the environment.

37. Integrate

To combine or bring together.

The new software integrates well with existing systems.

38. Adapt

To adjust or modify to suit new conditions.

The company had to adapt its strategy to the changing market.

39. Analyze

To break something into smaller parts to understand it.

We need to analyze the customer feedback to improve our services.

40. Signify

To represent or mean something.

The gesture may signify a change in policy.

41. Clarify

To make something easier to understand.

The professor clarified the complex theory during the lecture.

42. Estimate

To make an approximate calculation.

Can you estimate the cost of the new project?

43. Highlight

To emphasize or draw attention to something.

The report highlights the main findings of the study.

44. Illustrate

To make something clearer by giving examples.

The teacher illustrated the concept with several diagrams.

45. Adjust

To change slightly to improve or make suitable.

You may need to adjust the settings for better results.

46. Debate

To discuss something formally in a structured manner.

The politicians debated the proposed changes for hours.

47. Conclude

To end or finish something based on reasoning.

We can conclude that the hypothesis is correct based on the results.

48. Prove

To demonstrate the truth of something through evidence.

Can you prove that the hypothesis is true?

49. Perceive

To become aware of or understand something.

People perceive the problem in different ways.

50. Predict

To say what will happen in the future.

It is difficult to predict the long-term effects of the policy.

1. Detail

A small part of something.

The report provides details about the new law.

2. Context

The situation or background information.

Understanding the context of the conversation is crucial.

3. Interpret

To explain the meaning of something.

She interpreted the message in a positive light.

4. Source

The origin or starting point of something.

The source of the information was reliable.

5. Passage

A portion of text.

Read the passage and answer the questions below.

6. Paragraph

A distinct section of writing.

The first paragraph introduces the topic.

7. Imply

To suggest something indirectly.

His tone implied that he disagreed with the proposal.

8. Evidence

The facts or information used to support a claim.

The article presented strong evidence for the argument.

9. Conclusion

The final decision or judgment based on reasoning.

The conclusion of the study suggests that further research is needed.

10. Summarize

To give a brief overview of the main points.

Summarize the main ideas of the article in one paragraph.

11. Predict

To say what will happen in the future.

The results of the survey predict a rise in consumer confidence.

12. Paraphrase

To restate something in different words.

Paraphrasing the text will help you understand it better.

13. Identify

To recognize or establish what something is.

The speaker identified the key issues in the report.

14. Conclude

To reach a decision after careful thought.

We conclude that the evidence supports the hypothesis.

15. Refer

To mention or allude to something.

The article refers to the latest research on climate change.

16. Synthesize

To combine different ideas or information.

The researcher synthesized data from multiple studies.

17. Focus

To concentrate attention on something.

The passage focuses on the impact of technology on education.

18. Extract

To remove or take out information.

You need to extract the relevant information from the passage.

19. Contrast

To show differences between two or more things.

The passage contrasts the viewpoints of two experts.

20. Clarify

To make something easier to understand.

The teacher clarified the instructions before the test.

21. Define

To explain the meaning of something.

The passage defines several technical terms related to economics.

22. Analyze

To examine something in detail.

The students are asked to analyze the data presented in the chart.

23. Evaluate

To judge or assess the value of something.

The passage evaluates the benefits of online learning.

24. Summarize

To restate briefly the key points.

Can you summarize the speaker's argument?

25. Clarify

To make something clearer.

Could you clarify the point made in the third paragraph?

26. Contrast

To compare in order to highlight differences.

Contrast the two perspectives presented in the article.

27. Discuss

To talk about something in detail.

The passage discusses the effects of pollution on health.

28. Mention

To briefly refer to something.

The report mentions the importance of renewable energy.

29. Explain

To make something clear.

The professor explained the theory in detail.

30. Interpret

To explain or understand the meaning of something.

The teacher interpreted the research findings for the students.

31. Outline

To give a summary or general description of something.

The outline of the article provides a clear structure.

32. Identify

To recognize or name something.

Can you identify the main argument of the passage?

33. Specify

To state something in detail or clearly.

The instructions specify that all reports must be submitted by Friday.

34. Clarify

To make something easier to understand.

Can you clarify the author's point about economic growth?

35. Indicate

To show or point out something.

The graph indicates a significant rise in temperature.

36. Define

To state or explain the meaning of something.

The term "sustainability" is clearly defined in the text.

37. Categorize

To place things in a group based on shared characteristics.

The report categorizes the main challenges facing the industry.

38. Suggest

To propose an idea or course of action.

The passage suggests several ways to improve public transportation.

39. Summarize

To give a short description of the main ideas.

Summarize the key findings from the study.

40. Elaborate

To explain something in more detail.

The speaker elaborated on the topic of climate change.

41. Outline

To provide a general description or plan.

The outline of the article covers various approaches to education.

42. Infer

To deduce or conclude information from evidence.

From the clues in the text, we can infer that the situation is worsening.

43. State

To express something clearly in words.

The speaker stated that the policy would benefit all citizens.

44. Compare

To examine similarities and differences.

Compare the two solutions presented in the text.

45. Dispute

To argue against something.

The article disputes the claim that climate change is a natural phenomenon.

46. Reiterate

To say something again for emphasis.

The speaker reiterated the importance of education in development.

47. Highlight

To emphasize or give special attention to something.

The report highlights the urgent need for climate action.

48. Mention

To briefly refer to something.

The author mentions several examples to support the argument.

49. Emphasize

To give special importance to something.

The text emphasizes the importance of healthy eating.

50. Refer

To direct someone to a source of information.

The article refers to studies conducted in the past decade.