The Discovery of Uranus Reading Answers with Explanation

IELTS Reading Passage: The Discovery of Uranus

Paragraph A

Someone once put forward an attractive though unlikely theory. Throughout the Earth’s annual revolution around the sun, there is one point of space always hidden from our eyes. This point is the opposite part of the Earth’s orbit, which is always hidden by the sun. Could there be another planet there, essentially similar to our own, but always invisible?

Paragraph B

If a space probe today sent back evidence that such a world existed, it would cause not much more sensation than Sir William Herschel’s discovery of a new planet, Uranus, in 1781. Herschel was an extraordinary man — no other astronomer has ever covered so vast a field of work — and his career deserves study. He was born in Hanover in Germany, in 1738, left the German army in 1757, and arrived in England the same year with no money but quite exceptional musical ability. He played the violin and oboe and, at one time, was organist in the Octagon Chapel in the city of Bath. Herschel’s was an active mind, and deep inside, he was conscious that music was not his destiny; he therefore read widely in science and the arts, but not until 1772 did he come across a book on astronomy. He was then 34, middle-aged by the standards of the time, but without hesitation, he embarked on his new career, financing it by his professional work as a musician. He spent years mastering the art of telescope construction, and even by present-day standards, his instruments are comparable with the best.

Paragraph C

Serious observation began in 1774. He set himself the astonishing task of ‘reviewing the heavens’, in other words, pointing his telescope to every accessible part of the sky and recording what he saw. The first review was made in 1775; the second, and most momentous, in 1780-81. It was during the latter part of this that he discovered Uranus. Afterwards, supported by the royal grant in recognition of his work, he was able to devote himself entirely to astronomy. His final achievements spread from the sun and moon to remote galaxies (of which he discovered hundreds), and papers flooded from his pen until his death in 1822. Among these, there was one sent to the Royal Society in 1781, entitled An Account of a Comet. In his own words:

Paragraph D

On Tuesday the 13th of March, between ten and eleven in the evening, while I was examining the small stars in the neighbourhood of H Geminorum, I perceived one that appeared visibly larger than the rest; being struck with its uncommon magnitude, I compared it to H Geminorum and the small star in the quartile between Auriga and Gemini, and finding it to be much larger than either of them, suspected it to be a comet.

Paragraph E

Herschel’s care was the hallmark of a great observer; he was not prepared to jump to any conclusions. Also, to be fair, the discovery of a new planet was the last thought in anybody’s mind. But further observation by other astronomers besides Herschel revealed two curious facts. For the comet, it showed a remarkably sharp disc; furthermore, it was moving so slowly that it was thought to be a great distance from the sun, and comets are only normally visible in the immediate vicinity of the sun. As its orbit came to be worked out, the truth dawned that it was a new planet far beyond Saturn’s realm, and that the ‘reviewer of the heavens’ had stumbled across an unprecedented prize. Herschel wanted to call it Georgium Sidus (Star of George) in honour of his royal patron, King George III of Great Britain. The planet was later, for a time, called Herschel in honour of its discoverer. The name Uranus, which was first proposed by the German astronomer Johann Elert Bode, was in use by the late 19th century.

Paragraph F

Uranus is a giant in construction, but not so much in size; its diameter compares unfavourably with that of Jupiter and Saturn, though on the terrestrial scale it is still colossal. Uranus’ atmosphere consists largely of hydrogen and helium, with a trace of methane. Through a telescope, the planet appears as a small bluish-green disc with a faint green periphery. In 1977, while recording the occultation 1 of a star behind the planet, the American astronomer James L. Elliot discovered the presence of five rings encircling the equator of Uranus. Four more rings were discovered in January 1986 during the exploratory flight of Voyager 2 2. In addition to its rings, Uranus has 15 satellites (‘moons’), the last 10 discovered by Voyager 2 on the same flight; all revolve about its equator and move with the planet in an east—west direction. The two largest moons, Titania and Oberon, were discovered by Herschel in 1787. The next two, Umbriel and Ariel, were found in 1851 by the British astronomer William Lassell. Miranda, thought before 1986 to be the innermost moon, was discovered in 1948 by the American astronomer Gerard Peter Kuiper.

Glossary:

‘Occultation‘: in astronomy, when one object passes in front of another and hides the second from view, especially, for example, when the moon comes between an observer and a star or planet.

‘Voyager 2‘: an unmanned spacecraft sent on a voyage past Saturn, Uranus, and Jupiter in 1986, during which it sent back information about these planets to scientists on Earth.

Questions for Reading Passage: The Discovery of Uranus

Questions 1-5

Complete the table below. Write a date for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.

Questions 6-10

Do the following statements agree with the information given in The Discovery Of Uranus Reading Answers Passage?

In boxes 6-10 on your answer sheet, write

YES if the statement agrees with the information.

NO if the statement contradicts the information.

NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this.

6. It is improbable that there is a planet hidden behind the sun.

7. Herschel knew immediately that he had found a new planet.

8. Herschel collaborated with other astronomers of his time.

9. Herschel’s newly discovered object was considered to be too far from the sun to be a comet.

10. Herschel’s discovery was the most important find of the last three hundred years.

Question 11-14

Complete each of the following statements and write your answers in the answer sheet.

The suggested names of the new planet started with 11__, then 12__, before finally settling on Uranus. The first five rings around Uranus were discovered by

13__. From 1948 until 1986, the moon 14__ was believed to be the moon closest to the surface of Uranus.